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5. Топики по английскому языку 8. Учебные пособия, самоучители 9. Учебные пособия (на англ. языке) 10. Учебные сайты |
Правообладателям Understanding and Using English Grammar. Betty AzarThird Edition; with Answer Key
3rd. ed. - Longman, 2003 - 566 с. Understanding and Using English Grammar is a developmental skills text for intermediate to advanced students of English as a second or foreign language. While focusing on grammar, it promotes the development of all language skills in a variety of ways. It functions principally as a classroom teaching text but also serves as a comprehensive reference text for students and teachers
The eclectic approach and
abundant variety of exercise material remain the same as in the earlier
editions, but each new edition incorporates new ways and means. In particular:
Similarly, the interactive aspects of the text receive greater emphasis in the third edition. Many of the exercises formerly designated "oral" or "oral (books closed)" are now reformatted to be used for pair work or group work, in addition to still being viable as class work led by a teacher. This edition encourages interactivity but leaves it open for the users to decide what degree of interactivity best suits their needs. There is now an even wider variety of exercise types. This new edition has added more free-response exercises and open-ended communicative tasks, while still providing ample controlled-response exercises to aid initial understanding of the form, meaning, and usage of the target structures. It also includes more writing topics, more speaking activities, expanded error-analysis exercises, and additional extended-context exercises. Long chapters have been broken into shorter units, and certain grammar units have been reorganized.
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Все книги этой серии / The Azar Grammar Series
Basic English grammar.
Betty Azar
CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION................................................................................................ xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................. xv Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF VERB TENSES 1-1 THE SIMPLETENSES.............................................................................................................................. 2 1-2 THE PROGRESSIVE TENSES................................................................................................................. 3 1-3 THE PERFECTTENSES ........................................................................................................................ 4 1-4 THE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES............................................................................................... 5 1-5 SUMMARY CHART OFVERBTENSES................................................................................................. 6 1-6 SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS............................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2 PRESENT AND PAST, SIMPLE AND PROGRESSIVE 2-1 SIMPLE PRESENT............................................................................................................................... 13 2-2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.................................................................................................................... 13 2-3 STATIVE VERBS................................................................................................................................... 15 2-4 AM/IS/ARE BEING + ADJECTIVE....................................................................................................... 17 2-5 REGULARAND IRREGULAR VERBS............................................................................................... 19 2-6 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF -ED ENDINGS............................................................... 20 2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: AN ALPHABETICAL LIST ........................................................................ 22 2-8 TROUBLESOME VERBS: RAISE/RISE, SET/SIT, LAY/LIE................................................................. 26 2-9 SIMPLE PAST....................................................................................................................................... 27 2-10 PAST PROGRESSIVE........................................................................................................................... 28 2-11 USING PROGRESSIVE VERBS WITH ALWAYSTO COMPLAIN........................ ,........................... 30 2-12 USING EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE WITH PROGRESSIVE VERBS................................................. 31 Chapter 3 PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES 3-1 PRESENT PERFECT............................................................................................................................. 36 3-2 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE.................................................................................................. 42 3-3 PAST PERFECT.................................................................................................................................... 45 3-4 PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE......................................................................................................... 47 Chapter 4 FUTURE TIME 4-1 SIMPLE FUTURE: WILL AND BE GOING TO.................................................................................. 51 4-2 WILL vs. BE GOING TO........................................................................................................................ 52 4-3 EXPRESSING THE FUTURE INTIME CLAUSES............................................................................. 55 4-4 USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME............................................................................................................ 57 4-5 FUTURE PROGRESSrVE..................................................................................................................... 60 4-6 FUTURE PERFECT.............................................................................................................................. 62 4-7 FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 5 ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME AND REVIEW OF VERB TENSES 5-1 ADVERB CLAUSES OFTIME: FORM.............................................................................................. 70 5-2 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOWTIME RELATIONSHIPS................................................... 72 Chapter 6 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 6-1 FINAL -S/-ES: USE, PRONUNCIATION, AND SPELLING ........................................................... 84 6-2 BASIC SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT.............................................................................................. 88 6-3 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY.................................... 89 6-4 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BE..................................................................... 90 6-5 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: SOME IRREGULARITIES........................................................... 92 Chapter 7 NOUNS 7-1 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS ....................................................................... 100 7-2 POSSESSIVE NOUNS......................................................................................................................... 103 7-3 USING NOUNS AS MODIFIERS...................................................................................................... 105 7-4 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS............................................................................................... 107 7-5 NONCOUNT NOUNS........................................................................................................................ 108 7-6 SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS....................................................................................... 108 7-7 BASIC ARTICLE USAGE................................................................................................................... 112 7-8 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE.......................................................................... 115 7-9 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY........................................................................................................ 119 7-10 USING A FEW AND FEW; A LITTLE AND LITTLE......................................................................... 123 7-11 USING OF IN EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY.............................................................................. 125 7-12 ALL (OF) AND BOTH (OF) .............................................................................................................. 126 7-13 SINGULAR EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ONE, EACH, EVERY............................................... 128 Chapter 8 PRONOUNS 8-1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS.................................................................................................................. 132 8-2 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: AGREEMENT WITH GENERIC NOUNS AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS................................................................................................................ 134 8-3 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: AGREEMENT WITH COLLECTIVE NOUNS................................... 136 8-4 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.................................................................................................................. 138 8-5 USING YOU, ONE, AND THEY AS IMPERSONAL PRONOUNS................................................. 140 8-6 FORMS OF OTHER............................................................................................................................ 142 8-7 COMMON EXPRESSIONS WITH OTHER............................................. ..................................... 145 Chapter 9 MODALS, PART 1 9-1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 151 9-2 POLITE QUESTIONS WITH /ASTHE SUBJECT............................................................................ 152 9-3 POLITE QUESTIONS WITH YOU ASTHE SUBJECT.................................................................... 152 9-4 POLITE REQUESTS WITH WOULD YOU MIND............................................................................ 153 9-5 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO ................................................... 157 9-6 LACK OF NECESSITY AND PROHIBITION: HAVE TO AND MUST INTHE NEGATIVE .......................................................................................................................... 158 9-7 ADVISABILITY: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER................................................................ 160 9-8 THE PAST FORM OF SHOULD....................................................................................................... 163 9-9 EXPECTATIONS: BE SUPPOSED TO.............................................................................................. 166 9-10 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET'S, WHY DON'T, SHALL I/WE........................................................ 169 9-11 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: COULDvs. SHOULD........................................................ .............. 171 Chapter 10 MODALS, PART 2 10-1 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PRESENTTIME............................................................................ 176 10-2 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PRESENTTIME NEGATIVE....................................................... 178 10-3 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PASTTIME................................................................................... 181 10-4 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: FUTURE TIME............................................................................ 184 10-5 PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS........................................................................................ 188 10-6 ABILITY: C4NAND COULD........................................................................................................ 193 10-7 USING WOULDTO EXPRESS A REPEATED ACTION IN THE PAST................................... 195 10-8 EXPRESSING PREFERENCE: WOULD RATHER....................................................................... 197 10-9 COMBINING MODALS WITH PHRASAL MODALS.............................................................. 198 10-10 SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS...................................... 199 Chapter 11 THE PASSIVE 11-1 FORMFNGTHE PASSIVE ......................................................................................................... 208 11-2 USFNG THE PASSIVE.................................................................................................................. 211 11-3 INDIRECT OBJECTS USED AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS.............................................................. 213 11-4 THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS AND PHRASAL MODALS........................................... 218 11-5 STATIVE PASSIVE........................................................................................................................ 225 11-6 COMMON STATIVE PASSrVE VERBS + PREPOSITIONS...................................................... 228 11-7 THE PASSIVE WITH GET............................................................................................................ 232 11-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTTVES...................................................................................................... 235 Chapter 12 NOUN CLAUSES 12-1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 239 12-2 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH A QUESTION WORD................................................. 240 12-3 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH WHETHER OR IF......................................................... 245 12-4 QUESTIONWORDS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES .............................................................. 247 12-5 NOUN CLAUSES BEGPNNING WITH THAT............................................................................ 248 12-6 QUOTED SPEECH......................................................................................................................... 251 12-7 REPORTED SPEECH: VERB FORMS IN NOUN CLAUSES..................................................... 254 12-8 USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES.................................................................... 263 12-9 USFNG -EVER WORDS................................................................................................................. 265 Chapter 13 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 13-1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 267 13-2 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE SUBJECT ............................................. 268 13-3 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB............................ 268 13-4 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION . . .................................................................................................................... 269 13-5 USUAL PATTERNS OF ADJECITVE CLAUSES....................................................................... 270 13-6 USFNG WHOSE............................................................................................................................. 274 13-7 USING WHERE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES................................................................................ 277 13-8 USING WHEN IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.................................................................................. 277 13-9 USFNG ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS.................................................... 280 13-10 PUNCTUATING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.................................................................................... 281 13-11 USFNG EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY FN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES..................................... 285 13-12 USFNG NOUN + OFWHICH......................................................................................................... 286 13-13 USING WHICH TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE............................................................... 286 13-14 REDUCING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO ADJECTIVE PHRASES: INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 290 13-15 CHANGING AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE.................................. 290 Chapter 14 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 1 14-1 GERUNDS: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 297 14-2 USING GERUNDS AS THE OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS.................................................... 298 14-3 COMMON PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS........................ 299 14-4 COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS....................................................................... 302 14-5 GO + GERUND............................................................................................................................. 303 14-6 SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED BY -ING....................................................................... 304 14-7 COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES................................................................... 307 14-8 COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVES OR GERUNDS......................... 311 14-9 REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS.................................................... 318 14-10 REFERENCE LIST OFVERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES.................................................. 319 14-11 IT + INFINITIVE; GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES AS SUBJECTS.......................................... 323 Chapter 15 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 2 15-1 ESTFINITrVE OF PURPOSE: IN ORDER TO............................................................................... 326 15-2 ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES............................................................................ 328 15-3 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH.................................................................... 330 15-4 PASSIVE AND PAST FORMS OF INFINnTVES AND GERUNDS.......................................... 331 15-5 USING GERUNDS OR PASSIVE INFINnTVES FOLLOWING NEED...................................... 333 15-6 USING A POSSESSrVETO MODIFY A GERUND..................................................................... 334 15-7 USING VERBS OF PERCEPTION................................................................................................ 336 15-8 USING THE SIMPLE FORM AFTER LET AND HELP............................................................. 338 15-9 USING CAUSATIVE VERBS: MAKE, HAVE, GET...................................................................... 339 Chapter 16 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 16-1 PARALLEL STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................ 348 16-2 USING PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS: BOTH... AND; NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO; EITHER ... OR; NEITHER ... NOR............................................................................ 353 16-3 COMBINING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES WITH COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS......................................................................................................................... 355 Chapter 17 ADVERB CLAUSES 17-1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 359 17-2 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT.............................................. 362 17-3 EXPRESSING CONTRAST (UNEXPECTED RESULT): USING EVENTHOUGH................................................................................................................ 363 17-4 SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST: WHILE AND WHEREAS..................................................... 366 17-5 EXPRESSING CONDITIONS ПчГ ADVERB CLAUSES: /F-CLAUSES................................... 367 17-6 ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING WHETHER OR NOT AND EVEN IF................................................................................................................................ 368 17-7 ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING IN CASE AND INTHE EVENTTHAT...................................................................................................................... 369 17-8 ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING UNLESS.......................................................... 370 17-9 ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING ONLY IF.......................................................... 371 Chapter 18 REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES 18-1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 374 18-2 CHANGING TIME CLAUSES TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES............................ 375 18-3 EXPRESSING THE IDEA OF "DURING THE SAME TIME" IN MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES .............................................................................. 376 18-4 EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT IN MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES............................................................................................................... 376 18-5 USING UPON + -ING IN MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES............................................ 380 Chapter 19 CONNECTIVES THAT EXPRESS CAUSE AND EFFECT, CONTRAST, AND CONDITION 19-1 USING BECAUSE OF AND DUETO........................................................................................... 385 19-2 USING TRANSITIONS TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT: THEREFORE AND CONSEQUENTLY........................................................................................ 387 19-3 SUMMARY OF PATTERNS AND PUNCTUATION............................................................... 389 19-4 OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT: SUCH... THAT AND SO... THAT................................................................................................ 391 19-5 EXPRESSING PURPOSE: USING SO THAT............................................................................... 393 19-6 SHOWING CONTRAST (UNEXPECTED RESULT)................................................................. 395 19-7 SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST................................................................................................ 398 19-8 EXPRESSING CONDITIONS: USING OTHERWISE AND OR (ELSE)..................................... 401 19-9 SUMMARY OF CONNECTIVES: CAUSE AND EFFECT, CONTRAST, CONDITION .............................................................................................................................. 402 Chapter 20 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES 20-1 OVERVIEW OF BASIC VERB FORMS USED IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES..................................................................................................... 413 20-2 TRUE INTHE PRESENT OR FUTURE........................................................................................ 414 20-3 UNTRUE (CONTRARYTO FACT) INTHE PRESENT OR FUTURE...................................... 415 20-4 UNTRUE (CONTRARYTO FACT) INTHE PAST..................................................................... 418 20-5 USING PROGRESSIVE VERB FORMS IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.............................. 423 20-6 USING "MIXED TIME" IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES...................................................... 424 20-7 OMITTING IF................................................................................................................................ 424 20-8 IMPLIED CONDITIONS............................................................................................................... 425 20-9 USING AS IF/AS THOUGH............................................................................................................ 430 20-10 VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH.............................................................................................. 432 20-11 USING WOULDTO MAKE WISHES ABOUTTHE FUTURE................................................... 434 Appendix SUPPLEMENTARY GRAMMAR UNITS Unit A: BASIC GRAMMAR TERMINOLOGY A-l SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS............................................................................................. Al A-2 PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES.................................................................. A3 A-3 ADJECTIVES.................................................................................................................................... A4 A-4 ADVERBS......................................................................................................................................... A4 A-5 THE VERB BE.................................................................................................................................. A6 A-6 LINKING VERBS............................................................................................................................. A6 Unit B: QUESTIONS B-l FORMS OFYES/NO AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS.......................................................... A8 B-2 QUESTION WORDS....................................................................................................................... A9 B-3 SHORTENED YES/NO QUESTIONS........................................................................................... AI2 B-4 NEGATIVE QUESTIONS............................................................................................................. A13 B-5 TAG QUESTIONS.......................................................................................................................... A15 Unit C: CONTRACTIONS...................................................................................................................................... A17 UnitD: NEGATIVES D-l USING NOT AND OTHER NEGATIVE WORDS........................................................................ Al8 D-2 AVOIDING DOUBLE NEGATIVES............................................................................................. A20 D-3 BEGINNING A SENTENCE WITH A NEGATIVE WORD....................................................... A20 Unit E: PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS E PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS WITH ADJECTIVES AND VERBS.................................. A21 Unit F: CONNECTIVES TO GIVE EXAMPLES AND TO CONTINUE AN IDEA F-l CONNECTrVESTO GIVE EXAMPLES.............................................................. ...................... A24 F-2 CONNECTIVESTO CONTINUETHE SAME IDEA................................................................... A26 Unit G: VERB FORM REVIEW EXERCISES....................................................................................................... A26 ANSWER KEY.............................................................................. ...................................... ANSWER KEY I INDEX....................................................................................... ............................................. INDEX 1
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